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Sensors One type of feedback frequently needed by industrial-control systems is the position of one or more components of the operation being controlled. Sensors are devices used to provide information on the presence or absence of an object. Types of Sensors The following are the types of sensors used in industrial automation: 1. Photoelectric sensor 2. Inductive sensor 3. Capacitive sensor 4. Ultrasonic sensor 5. Temperature sensor 1. Photoelectric sensor -  Photoelectric sensors detect objects, changes in surface conditions, and other items through a variety of optical properties. A photoelectric sensor consists primarily of an emitter for emitting light and a receiver for receiving light. When emitted light is interrupted or reflected by the sensing object, it changes the amount of light that arrives at the receiver. The receiver detects this change and converts it to an electrical output. The light source for the majority of photoelectric sensors is infrared or visible light (...

 SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) SCADA a system of software and hardware that allows industrial organization to industrial process locally and remotely. The basic SCADA architecture begins with programmable logic controllers (PLCs) or remote terminal units (RTU). PLCs and RTUs are microcomputers that communicate with an array of objects such as machines, electric motor, HMIs, sensors, and actuators and then route the information from those objects to computers with SCADA software. The SCADA software processes, distributes and displays the data, helping operators and other employees analyze the data and make important decisions. In most cases a SCADA system will consist of a PLC (serving as the master unit) and several RTUs (connecting to field devices) in remote and local location via several communication protocols and links. Hence, SCADA system are evaluated and judged noth only by the smooth performance of the RTUs, communication links, and the master station (a...